IVC Filters
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The inferior vena cava (IVC) is the main vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the lower half of the body (legs, feet, and pelvic area) back to the heart. Blood clots, often originating from deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in the legs, can break away and travel through this vein. An IVC filter acts as a physical barrier, trapping these clots before they can reach the heart and lungs.
When are IVC Filters Used?
While the standard treatment for deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism is medication (blood thinners or anticoagulants), IVC filters are an alternative for a specific group of patients. They are typically indicated for individuals who:
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Cannot take blood-thinning medications: This might be due to a high risk of bleeding, a recent major surgery, a hemorrhagic stroke, or an active bleed.
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Have a history of recurrent blood clots: Even while on anticoagulant therapy, some patients may still experience blood clots.
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Have a large, free-floating blood clot: In some cases, a very large clot in the leg or pelvis is considered a high risk for a fatal PE.
Types of IVC Filters
There are two main types of IVC filters:
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Permanent Filters: These are designed to remain in the body indefinitely. They are typically used for patients with a permanent or long-term inability to take blood thinners.
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Retrievable (Temporary) Filters: These filters can be removed from the body once the risk of a pulmonary embolism has decreased. The goal is to remove the filter as soon as it is no longer needed to prevent long-term complications.
The Procedure
The placement of an IVC filter is a minimally invasive procedure, usually performed by an interventional radiologist or vascular surgeon.
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A small incision is made, typically in the neck or groin.
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A thin, flexible tube (catheter) is inserted into a vein and guided to the IVC using real-time X-ray imaging (fluoroscopy).
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The collapsed filter is pushed through the catheter and deployed in the IVC, where it expands to the size of the vein.
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The catheter is then removed, leaving the filter in place. The procedure usually takes about an hour, and patients can often go home the same day.
